Why out-of-pocket school expenditure should be a requirement of a revised poverty standard for India

In this paper, on 16 May 2024, I argued that the poverty line, framed in the 1970s around a calorie norm, says little about whether a household can afford a decent standard of living. The Tendulkar and Rangarajan committees revised the older norms but made no normative assessment of non-food needs. I discussed developing new normative criteria for both education and health expenditures as pathways out of poverty.